OUGD501 - CoP - Lecture - Subculture and style

OUGD501 - CoP - Lecture - Censorship and truth

OUGD501 - CoP - Lecture - Globalisation and sustainability

OUGD501 - CoP - Lecture - Ethics - what is good?

OUGD501 - CoP - Lecture - Cities and Film

OUGD501 - CoP - Lecture - The Gaze and the Media

 The Gaze and the Media Seminar

OUGD501 - CoP - Lecture - Identity

OUGD401- Creative Advertising and New Media Lecture notes

Creative Advertising and New Media

What is new media?
'media that works, not works through persuasions'

The advertising strategy:

• Required speaking to the masses
• Global print campaigns
• High feeling/ emotive strategy - make the audience feel good - charm them/ pull at their heartstrings

Old and New communication models:
Old: transmission

• transmit ideas to an audience

New: cybernetic

• engage with an audience
• via computer (mediated communication) CMC

New Media model

• advertising and new media (Spurgeon, 2008)
• Shift from mass to my media
• More targeted via mobile to specific audiences
• More personal distribution
• Audience involvement:

a) voluntarily passing viewing adverts (virals)
b) creating spoofs, filming etc

Viral: Unpaid advertising 

• Virals (adverts) becoming part of our conversations
• Send it to your friends digitally
• From talk about to talk with

the 'Remember Reach' campaign for Halo, 2010 consisted of;

• Launching a film 'Birth of a Spartan' which announces Reach Beta
• 3 films released prior to this, the fourth film being released after the website launch
• Teasers to advertise the game
• Sad/ dramatic story in the films provoking emotions
• Dots of light added on the website on a world map for every person who visits the site and their location to involve and emote the audience

Kaiser Chiefs album 'The future is Medieval' campaign:

• Customer chooses 10 tracks out of 20
• create their own album cover online
• advertise it on facebook to facebook friends
• the person who sells the most albums name appears on the skin of the image of a drum on the site
• customer earns £1 for every album they sell

The three little pigs viral video - the guardian online:

• Recession and riots
• Celebration of new media itself
• the idea: to transform a newspaper into a global news 'hub' 
• Modern news is dynamic, participative with open dialogue welcome from the viewer.

Invisible Children Campaign

• R4 ICC Congo Warlord Lubanga guilty 30 years
• March 5th released
• in 3 days, it received 26million views

Beattie the big creative idea

• Internet - the biggest thing since the wheel
• enables even small ideas to circulate
• most interesting form of communication

Viewer generated content

• Coke & Mentos
• Viewer generated advertising worth US $10m to Mentos 'more than half its annual advertising budget' (Spurgeon, 2008)

Levi's 'Go Forth' campaign:

• beautifully crafted photography
• Walt Whitman poetry - ultimate American poetry
• Patriotism
• Lifestyle

Wrangler Jeans' interactive site

Future Nike:

• Give people tools through apps - life enhancing qualities by means of advertising or enhancing a products' appeal
• Nike plus - how far run record.
• Nike grid - training aid made fun by a race/ game
• London map record your time and route, then try to beat others on the database.

Creating a dialog 

• Paul Burns (TBWA) 'talking with audience'
• 40mil Old Spice
• Responding to a tweet
• The making of Old Spice: copywriter and art director Craig Allen and Erik Kallman

Reasons why this is the best time to be in advertising:

• Agencies can innovate e.g., NYC tourism campaign. The idea: NYC street culture, street musicians lined to campaign in 1 'Dig out your soul' unreleased album.
• The third screen- the mobile phone is a whole new and more intimate medium of getting to your market. Putting brands in people's hands.
• The Kairos factor: the principle of presenting the desired message at the opportune moment.
• No medium is dying. IE, print.
• Each different medium has a different role in narrating the 'story'
• traditional style 'announcements' still have their place.
• Big ideas and craft remain important.

What is the impact of 'New Media' on advertising agencies?

'Advertising is such a limiting role now', Andy Fowler, Brothers & Sisters impact NM a third layer communication.

The New model of creativity:

• larger teams
• Collaborative Creativity
• ebrainstorming
• collaborative online creativity : IE, Estudio
• Omnium project
• Hegarty & Beattie

Conversations lead to flow, and flow leads to creativity.

OUGD401 - Fashion as Photograph Lecture

There are different types of fashion photography such as product / catalogue photography for online documentation for stores such as ASOS. Within this, you also get the technique of the 'ghost mannequin' where you can only see the clothing and no person wearing it. But in this lecture we are going to focus on the artistic aspect and the emergence of fashion photography.

The history of photography

First permanent photographs: A photograph of faint rooftops from a window in France from 1826 by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce. 
After Niépce's death, Louis Daguerre continued the pursuance of photography's potential with his landscape of 'Boulevard de Temple' in 1838/9. This could be considered as the first photograph of human beings, as a man can be seen having his shoes polished. The subjects were able to be caught on the image despite of the long exposure time, because they were seated for so long. However, there is no traffic or other people on the image because they were not still for long enough to be captured.

The calotype photography process was introduced and invented by William Henry Fox Talbot.

Lady Alice May Kerr produced defined portrait images such as 'Portrait of Wilfrid Scawer Blunt', 1870.

Virginia Oldoni, the Countess di Castiglione was both a subject of early portrait photography and the director of these 'theatrical' style shoots where she would re-enact significant events in her life. Photographed by Adolphe Braun in 1856 and Pierre-Louise Pierson in 1863/66. There are hundreds of photos in these shoots to be explored.

Age of the Fashion Magazine 

First ten years of the 1900's we start to see an emergence of photography to be used in 
magazine culture in particular fashion, replacing the use illustration to exhibit the clothes.

Paul Poiret (1879-1944)
House of worth  (Charles Worth, considered the Father of Haute Couture)
Edward Steichen photographs Paul Poiret's designs for Art et Decoration, 1911.

Adolphe de Meyer - big fashion photographer in the 1920's that explored Romanticism and Mythical beauty in his work. Thoughtful, beautiful.

Martin Munkacsi - sports-style fashion shots with slight blur and movement with active poses and faster shutter speeds. 

The Conde Nast Years, 1923 - 1937 by William A Euring and Todd Brandow - modernism and experimental dramatic portraits. Marian Moorhouse, a celebrity of the time features in their images.

Cover of La Mode Pratique, 1938 uses photography on the cover, and is one of the early examples of this.

Vogue vs. Harpers Bazaar

Both leaders in fashion photography in the 20s/30s. A constant battle of the rival magazines in professionalism and moving forward with photography in particular.

Hoyningen Heune, 1931, Madame Vioumet - Romanticism.

Introduction of surrealism in fashion photography, Horst P Horst  - Costume for Salvador Dali's "Dream of Venus", 1939.

Cecil Beaton (1904-1980)

• British Vogue and Vanity Fair photographer
• One of the 'Bright Young Things' of the 1920s/ 1930s.
• Photographer of British Royals
• Vivien Leigh for Vogue, mid 1930's showing the glamorous backstage with movie style lighting. A beauty the general public cannot have access to.
• Stephen Tennant
• Queen Elizabeth II in 1968

Lee Miller (1907-1977)

• (photographed by Steichen)
• American photographer and fashion model aged 19
• Goes to Paris in 1929 with photographer Mon Ray
• Grungey fashion shots - first of their kind
• Became a war correspondant photographer - a vast contrast to the glamorous world of fashion photography.

Louise Dahl Wolfe

• Spent 1936-58 at Harpers Bazaar
• 'Night Bathing' 1939 is clever and dramatic in lighting and comparison between statue and girl in image
• 'Panorama of Paris, Suzy Parker in Jaques fath gown', 1953 - high end and international style.

In 1935 Kodak colour film is introduced but it is not really seen commercially until the 1950's. 

William Klein

• 1950s
• Movement in his fashion photography with long telephoto lens capturing peoples reactions.
• Although looked accidental, is in fact very stage to look natural.

Bailey & Donovan

• 1960s
• Self-taught photographers, the emergence of pop culture and the general public having access to photographic equipment.
• Mick Jagger portraits

Terence Donovan 

• Spy Drama style photography, almost like a story board put the fashion into context
• influenced by film

Richard Avedon (1923-2004)

• At Harpers Bazaar until 1966
• At Vogue 1966 onwards
• Tina Turner, 1971
• Bill Curry, Drifter, Interstate 40, Yukon, Oklahoma from the American West, 1985. (a 5-4 negative image) glamorising the everyday people who aren't models and putting them in a studio setting.

Helmut Newton, (1920-2004)

• Vogue & Harpers Bazaar
• wife and models 1981. 
• Much controversy over subject of his shoots because he was married. So he included his wife in one of the shots proving that it was 'OK'

Guy Bourdin

• Charles Jourdan Shoes
• showing only the part of the body that is being advertised
• rough relationships with on screen models

Jamel Shabazz's book, 'back in the days', published in 2002 showcases the street fashion photography of the 1980s hip-hop scene in New York City.

ID Magazine (& face magazine rival)

• 1980s
• straight-up photography, documenting in a more informal way, what the people of the street are wearing
• the new showcasing of street style 
• ID cover 'wink' 
• none airbrushed images, all freckles etc included

Jeurgen Teller

1990s

Works with musicians

none airbrushed photography

example - 'Annie Morton' in 1996

Corrine Day (1965-2010)

• British fashion photography and model
• worked for 'the face' and 'Vogue'
• invented the 'waif'/ 'warts and all' photography
• one of the first people to photograph Kate Moss
• 'cocaine Chic'
• 'Tara' documentary project- showing the deterioration of commercial beauty in her friend as she battles with drug addiction

Adobe Photoshop was launched in 2003. Gritty realistic style starts to fade and idealistic bodies and looks become popular imagery for fashion photography in particular.

Terry Richardson

• 2000s
• 'Terryworld' 2004

Nick Knight

• Mercedes Benz campaign 2009 - photoshopped, futuristic body of model and architecture inspired fashion

Introduction of Fashion Blogging

Rawness and realism comes back as photography becomes accessible to everyone. Is this a threat to the fashion photography industry? 
Tari Gevinsons becomes known in the fashion world at the age of 11 because she is a successful blogger.
Poppy Dinsey 2011 - 'What i wore today' - daily documentation of everyday outfits inspires others for their clothes and is more accessible than fashion magazines.
'Streetstyle Copenhagen'

Company magazine releases a 'Superblogger Issue' in Jan 2013.

'Exactitudes' exact/ attitudes by Avi Versluis & Ellie Uyttenbrock documents lots of peoples street style but groups them in similar styles proving that our individual style is not necessarily unique.

OUGD401 - Defining the Avante Garde & Avante Garde Cinema Lecture notes

Defining the Avant Garde

What do we define as the Avant Garde? What is Avant Garde? The term is inappropriately used everywhere!
Doing/ producing innovative/ progressive art/ design. Or being part of an Avant Garde group/ scene. Avant Garde is a rebellious, challenging of conventions, weird and confrontational response to the current goings-on of the time. It has a different voice to the crowd.

What does the word Avant Garde mean?
the advance in garde/ guard. Or the 'van garde' which is the term given traditionally to the elitist group of superior army troops that are stronger and lead the rest of the pack.

Examples of an Avant Garde movement: 

• Fauvism 
• Romanticism - celebrates a unique style. Artists were a more special, creative genius than those who do not understand their work. Superior figures because of others lack of understanding of them.

We need to ask ourselves, although our institution, Leeds College of Art prospectus promotes the Avant Garde, is institutional curricular art/design genuine Avant Garde anyway?

'Nocturn in black & gold: the falling rocket', 1875, by Whistler is Avant Garde in it's aesthetics. Criticised as "art for art's sake".

By the end of the 19th/ early 20th century, there were 2 approaches to what people defined as the Avant Garde:

1. Socially committed artists
2. Crazy/ weird aesthetics

'Art & Significant Form', 1913, by Clive Bell, an art critic of the time wrote his opinions of the Avant Garde:

"It is improbable that more nonsense has been written about aesthetics than about anything else: the literature of the subject is not large enough for that. It is certain, however, that about no subject with which I am acquainted has so little been said that is at all to the purpose. The explanation is discoverable. He who would elaborate a plausible theory of aesthetics must possess two qualities — artistic sensibility and a turn for clear thinking. Without sensibility a man can have no aesthetic experience, and, obviously, theories not based on broad and deep aesthetic experience are worthless."

'Mount St Victoire', 1900, Paul Cezanne

'Lavender mist', 1950, Jackson Pollock

Starling banned avant garde in Soviet Russia because the majority of people couldn't understand it. The problem with Avant Garde is it necessitates elitism.

Kitsch

What is Kitsch?

Commercial art that intentionally aims to be high culture but isn't equipped with the proper tools and materials to achieve this and so fails and is classed as 'tacky'. It was/is used by art critics to determine the differences between high and low culture. Everything that isn't Avant Garde was classed as Kitsch.

'Haywain', Constable is classed as high culture art. But when printed onto a dinner plate as a collectable, this is considered low culture as it turns the art into a cheap product.

'Praying hands', by Durer is a high culture piece of art but as a sculpture of this as decorative art is considered low culture.

However, there are some (postmodern) artists that celebrate the tackiness of Kitsch, and so are classed as Avant Garde Kitsch:

• Damien Hirst - doesn't make his own work, only comes up with the ideas.
• Jeff Koons
• 'Equivalent VIII' , Carl Andre
• the K foundation's award for the worst artist of all time

Avante Garde Cinema:

• In opposition to mainstream cinema
• non-linear/ non-figurative/ non-narrative plots
• open storyline rather than closed with questionable endings
• requires a different kind of spectatorship

Examples of Avante Garde Cinema:

• 'Un Chien Andalou', (1929) Dir Luis Bunuel - Very influential, perhaps 'the starting point'
• 'Cremaster Cyde', (2002) Matthew Barney 
• 'Spirals', (1926) Oscar Fischinger
• 'Lapis', (1966) James Whitney
• 'Black Ice', (1994) Stan Brakhage
• 'Mothlight', 1963 Stan Brakhage
• 'Window water baby moving', Stan Brakhage
• 'Empire', Andy Warhol - 10 & 1/2 hours of static film of the Empire state building from a window.

OUGD401 - The Auteur Lecture notes

'The Auteur' - Film Lecture

What is an auteur?
In film criticism, auteur theory holds that a director's film reflects the director's personal creative vision, as if they were the primary "auteur" (the French word for "author"). In spite of—and sometimes even because of—the production of the film as part of an industrial process, the auteur's creative voice is distinct enough to shine through all kinds of studio interference and through the collective process.

Examples of auteurs:

• Alfred Hitchcock
• Stanley Kubrick

Auteurs are like artists, they create original work, start conventions of genre but don't even necessarily follow them and have control over a cultural production.

Notes on the 'Auteur Theory' by Sarris (1962)

'one of these productions will show technical competence of the director'

'a distinguished style'

'interior of the meaning'

Alfred Hitchcock

Why is Hitchcock classed as an Auteur?

• Long career in film
• Famous in both Europe and America
• Has made innovation in film making
• Master of suspense and audience reception
• Influential in later genres: American slashers/ psychological thrillers
• Inspired by the Avante Garde
• One of a kind and distinctive style

Hitchcock's technical competence:

• expressionist lighting
• story telling visually in a silent era of film
• use of subjective camera
• dolly zoom
• clever use of montage to create tension despite production code "what is drama but life with the dull bits cut out?"

"blondes make the best victims. They're like virgin snow that shows up bloody footprints"

Personal Style:

• expressionism - forms evoke emotion -not realistic or natural
• cameo appearances of the director
• narrative through visuals
• continuous of certain actors
• obsessive of blonde actresses
• suspense - audience can see danger his characters can't see - "there's no terror in the bang of the gun"

Revisited themes:

• Ordinary people involved in extraordinary events
• Mistaken identity
• Murder
• Madness
• Psychotic
• Order/ chaos
• Search for identity
• Guilt/ desire
• Feeling of guilt
• Self destruction
• Gender politics
• Spectators/ spying/ obscure viewpoints
• nature of cinema

The 'Interior meaning'

eg, in Vertigo, there is a deeper meaning of the 'ever living'

eg, birds are a symbol of doom in his films. Birds also feature in lots of different birds eye view camera angles

Example of the 'dolly zoom';

A brief history of Hitchcock:

Around 1920 Hitchcock joined the film industry, as he starting drawing off the sets.

'Nosferatu', 1922, suggesting monstrous beast through shadow.

'The lodger', 1927 by Hitchcock. One of his first films.

'Champagne', 1928 - a character sees their loved one kissing someone else through the bottom of a champagne flute - obscure and interesting camera angles.

'Jamaica Inn' - subjective camera angles.

'Vertigo', 1958 - innovative camera zoom , ie the 'dolly zoom'

'Psycho', 1960

'Rebeca', 1940

'Spellbound' - collaboration with Salvador Dali

'Notorious'

Notes from watching 'Vertigo':

• Theme of voyeurism.
•  trauma and its effects decent into madness
•  subjective point of view
• Repetition of scenes
• Theme of uncanny likeness, hair of real life person not unlike to characters favoured painting.
• Theme of surreal madness
• coloured filter on camera lense
• Judy - accidental meaning, dressed in green.
• Judy - uncanny likeness to madeleine.
• Character transforms Judy into madeleine. 
• colour is used in symbolic/ expressionistic way.

--------

Critique of the Auteur title:

• Mostly males
• canon of films made by 'elites'
• is there such thing as a universal film opinion?
• Capitalist device
• Disguises work of others

OUGD401 - History of Type Lecture notes

A History of Type 


Elements of well working typography: 

Paralinguistics 
Para-linguistics are the nonverbal aspects of communications in different languages, such as body language and wordless expression. Examples are smiling,gestures or body movements, laughing, and more specifically, English-language examples include "um," "erm", "aha," and "mm-hmm."

Kinesics - creates impact
inesics is the interpretation of body language such as facial expressions and gestures — or, more formally, non-verbal behavior related to movement, either of any part of the body or the body as a whole.

meta communication can change communication 
These indicate how the verbal communication should be understood and interpreted.

Eric Gill- the creator of Gill Sans.

The 6 families of typography: 

• humanist
• slab serif
• sans serif
• old style
• traditional
• modern

'The late age of print'

'...If a new technology extends one or more of our senses outside us into the social world, then new ratios among all of our senses will occur in that particular culture. It is comparable to what happens when a new note is added to a melody. And when the sense ratios alter in any culture then what had appeared lucid before may suddenly become opaque, and what had been vague or opaque will become translucent' - Marshall McLuhan, The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man.

Built in around 113AD, Trajans column clearly exhibits modern lettering.

In around 1450, the Gutenberg press made print readily  available to a wide audience, powering the renaissance era of type and communication. 
Gutenberg's gothic script from 1450 was inspired by medieval handwriting.

Nicholas Jenson in 1475 realised the more elegant humanist typefaces.

Geofroy Tory believed that letterforms should reflect the ideal human form.

'old style' fonts are those that reflect the fonts gone before them but are more refined and less calligraphic. (palentino, garamond, perpetual, goudy old style)

'Romain du roi' is a roman font. Literally meaning 'roman for the king' it was commissioned by king louis XIV for the imprimerie royale in 1693.

William Caslon and John Baskerville, creators of the typefaces Caslon and Baskerville, were contributors to the transitional age of type.

The modern age of type began in 1794 with Firmin Didot's typeface 'Didot' and 'Bodoni' (Vogue). It was around the time of the French revolution. 

The slab serif/ Egyptian style of type originates from the 1800s/Victorian era. It was created for billboards to stand out to passing crowds.
(the typeface 'fat face' has elements from Bodoni but is still an egyptian font)

In 1932 Stanley Morison oversaw the refinement of a roman typeface to the well known typeface we know today: Times New Roman. It was commissioned by the Times newspaper after it was publicly criticised by Morison for having inadequate type in it's print.

In 1921, Oswald Bruce Cooper created the typeface: Cooper Black.

The postmodern era of type was shaped by artists such as David Carson and Rudy Vanderlans by ignoring the rules of type that had gone before.

---------

'The Crystal Goblet' by Beatrice Warde

" You have two goblets before you. One is of solid gold, wrought in the most exquisite patterns. The other is of crystal-clear glass, thin as a bubble, and as transparent. Pour and drink; and according to your choice of goblet, I shall know whether or not you are a connoisseur of wine. For if you have no feelings about wine one way or the other, you will want the sensation of drinking the stuff out of a vessel that may have cost thousands of pounds; but if you are a member of that vanishing tribe, the amateurs of fine vintages, you will choose the crystal, because everything about it is calculated to reveal rather than hide the beautiful thing which it was meant to contain.

Bear with me in this long-winded and fragrant metaphor; for you will find that almost all the virtues of the perfect wine-glass have a parallel in typography. There is the long, thin stem that obviates fingerprints on the bowl. Why? Because no cloud must come between your eyes and the fiery heart of the liquid. Are not the margins on book pages similarly meant to obviate the necessity of fingering the type-page? Again: the glass is colourless or at the most only faintly tinged in the bowl, because the connoisseur judges wine partly by its colour and is impatient of anything that alters it. There are a thousand mannerisms in typography that are as impudent and arbitrary as putting port in tumblers of red or green glass! "

OUGD401 - Graffiti and Street art lecture

Graffiti and Street art lecture

The very roots of wall/ street art could be argued to be cave paintings. 
The caves at Lascaux, France. The paintings were executed using the local resources of animal bones and natural pigments from sources such as fruit etc.

And so, the word graffiti comes from the Italian word,'Graffiato', meaning, 'to scratch'.

But the earliest signs of graffiti as we know it today would be those in Pompeii, which date back to 75AD and show caricatures of famous politicians at the time, with a witty remark from the artist.

This then develops over the years into examples such as 'Kilroy' or 'Chad' as he was known in the USA. The image of the little man with his nose poking over a wall, accompanied with the phrase 'wot no...?' as in, 'what, no sugar?' etc. relating to the rationing of food and supplies that both countries were experiencing at the time.

In Paris in May 1968, the largest general strike ever occurred and as a result, graffiti started to also appear, as a tool to voice the opinions of the people. The image of 'we are the power' shows a crowd who's bodies are fused together to resemble 1 unified being with the same opinion.

Urban graffiti started to develop with examples of street artists such as Chris Osborne AKA 'Sweet Toof'.

But graffiti exactly as we know it today (excusing Banksy) is heavily visually influenced by New York City in the 1970's:

• introduction of spray can graffiti 
• evolves alongside hip hop culture
• makes language of the streets/ slang visible to all parts of the city via subway trains
• announcing a prescence of those from the ghetto 'we will not be ignored'

Two cultures alongside each other in NYC in the seventies:

• Graffiti/ Hip hop culture : heavily politically inspired.
• Disco culture : superficial, live while you're young lifestyle.

Jon Naar, a photographer during this time often showed his dissatisfaction with the clashes in wealth segregation in the city in his book 'Becoming a Graffiti photographer'.

Jean-Michel Basquiat was an American artist. He began as an obscure graffiti artist in New York City in the late 1970s and evolved into an acclaimed Neo-expressionist and Primitivist painter by the 1980s.
He invented a comical character that featured in most of his graffiti artwork: Samo. (same-oh = Same-old). New York City almost followed Samo's life until his 'death' in 1979, Basquiat trying to symbolise what he considered to be a decline in Graffiti art.
Basquiat also collaborated with Andy Warhol in their piece, 'General Electric with waiter', 1984. General Electric are a massive corporation, and through this piece, Warhol and Basquiat are trying to get their opinion across (kind of the ethics of graffiti art)

Keith Haring a social activists', 'Radiant Baby', 1990.

Graffiti becoming an almost elitist culture, with graffiti art being commissioned on subway adverts and the opening of the Popshop. (closed 2005). Popshop was a celebrity hangout, and sold t shirts, posters, toys etc bearing signature images. This caused a focus for dissatisfaction as the founders of graffiti felt that graffiti should be free, for the people!

John Feckner, 'Broken Promises', 1980 - refers to political misuse of free space in the city.

Graffiti was never a male-dominated art form. Jenny Holzers 'Time Square Show', 1980, mocks the adverts in NYC's time square showing the 'truisms' of advertising. 

Video game culture and other contemporary cultures of the time filter through into this relatively recent art form. Such as those on the Berlin Wall in 1961.
'Felis' , 1984, expresses the anger for the lack of goods in the 'eastern block'. 

Advertising and popular art forms started to take up the graffiti style in an effort to appeal to younger audiences such as Tats Cru for Coca Cola in 1997. This caused a distortion of the original unspoken manifesto of graffiti. It is fuelled by political arguments and opinions. It has to mean something!
Graffitiing was featured in video games such as 'Bomb the world' (2004), Jet Set Radio (2000-2003) and as something you could do on the Grand Theft Auto game.

'Invader' a french graffiti artist, born in 1969 executed his works with a slightly different approach. His first mosaic in mid 1990s Paris. Because his art was made out of tiles it meant that they are a lot harder to remove. The video game culture was filtered through again in this style as the tiles were treated like pixels.
The 'Invasion' of space invaders characters slowly started to spread across cities in France then across 22 different countries. There is also a conceptual element to these pieces, as you can pick up a free map and see all of these art pieces in Paris. The points on the map form a space invader character itself.

The re-emergence of street art began with the appearance of 'Banksy' (Kate Moss) and Shepard Fairey (Obama, 2008). Another example would be the Parisian photographer JR (Favella Morro Da Provienda). He paints across multiple buildings and photographs at the perfect angle to create one huge piece.

Artist, 'Blu' started to appear in Italy and another, Os Gemeos in Brazil. (Lisbon 2010) makes some sort of social comment but they did receive a form of permission to paint on people's houses, which takes away from the outspoken rebelliousness of Graffiti.
Blu became an animator based on his graffiti works in around 2008. Something similar appeared in the Vauxhall Corsa advert in 2011. 
The 123 Klan from France maintained the graffiti style but in a more controlled way by decorating expensive cars. (Lamborghini in particular)

Paul Curtis AKA 'Moose' introduced an almost reverse of graffiti by jetwashing a dirty wall to reveal his patterns.

'Bomb it' - a useful documentary on Graffiti.

Free art friday - artists place free art out in public for people to enjoy and take home. Sometimes games are made out of it, and clues as to the secret hiding places are revealed on twitter.

Sam 3 from Spain, responds to an exsisting environment using only black paint (Murcia 2010)
VHILS aka Alexandre Farto from Portugal, his piece in London 2008 works on the idea of plaster removal.

Faith 71 in Amsterdam celebrates Hyperrealist and hyperabstract art.

More examples of graffiti:

• Diva (Brooklyn)
• Fafi ( France)
• Miss Van
• Herakut
• Swoon